EA/TEF

About Esophageal Atresia/Tracheoesophageal Fistula
EA/TEF is a rare congenital birth defect which affects approximately 1 in 4,000 babies. Nobody knows what causes this abnormality.

In babies who have esophageal atresia ("ee-sof-ah-gee-all at-tree-see-ah"), the esophagus doesn't connect to the stomach. It just ends in a pouch, so nothing the baby swallows gets into the stomach.

A fistula is a connection between 2 tubes. The breathing tube that connects the nose and mouth with the lungs is called the trachea. The swallowing tube is the esophagus. The breathing tube and the swallowing tube aren't supposed to be connected. But when a child has a tracheoesophageal fistula ("tray-key-oh-ee-sof-ah-gee-all fist-you-lah"), the fistula connects the 2 tubes. This means that food or milk in the stomach can get into the lungs. This can cause breathing problems and even pneumonia.

Doctors are not yet sure exactly what causes these problems. When the esophagus and the trachea grow in the embryo, they start from the same bit of tissue. Sometimes the tubes don't develop correctly. It's not thought that these problems are inherited.

http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/children/parents/special/birth/345.htm

To learn  more about EA/TEF, visit www. EATEF.org

VACTERL Association

The acronym VACTERL refers to a group of birth defects that occur together. These birth defects affect many parts of the body. VACTERL association may cause many symptoms, so it is unknown how many children are affected by it. VACTERL association may occur with some chromosome defects such as Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), or in children of mothers with diabetes, but its exact cause is not known. Symptoms Each letter in VACTERL represents the first letter of its common symptoms. Not all children affected by VACTERL association have all of these abnormalities.
  • V stands for vertebrae (bones of the spine), which are abnormal
  • A stands for anal atresia, or imperforate anus, meaning an anus that does not open to the outside of the body
  • C stands for cardiac (heart) defects, usually an abnormal hole between parts of the heart (ventricular septal defect or atrial septal defect)
  • T stands for tracheoesophageal fistula, meaning an abnormal connection between the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus (the food tube to the stomach)
  • E stands for esophageal atresia, meaning the esophagus does not connect to the stomach
  • R stands for renal (kidney) defects
  • L stands for limb (arm) defects such as absent or displaced thumbs, extra fingers (polydactyly), fused fingers (syndactyly), or a missing bone in the arms or legs
Some infants born with VACTERL association have only one umbilical artery (instead of the normal two). Many infants are born small and have difficulty growing and gaining weight. DiagnosisDiagnosis of VACTERL association is based on the infant's birth defects. No one particular test is required to confirm the diagnosis. Some problems, such as an imperforate anus or extra fingers, will be discovered when the newborn is examined after birth. X-rays of the spine, arms, and legs can detect abnormal bones. An echocardiogram (heart ultrasound) can detect heart defects. Other tests can be done to detect the presence of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula or kidney defects. TreatmentOnce the birth defects have been identified, a treatment plan can be developed for the infant. Some problems, such as esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, or heart defects, may need medical treatment or surgery right away. Sometimes surgery to repair a problem can wait until the child is older. Often, many specialists are involved in the care of a child with VACTERL association. Children with arm, leg, or spine problems may need physical or occupational therapy. Sources:

"VACTERL Association." Index of Rare Diseases. 09 Apr 2007. National Organization for Rare Disorders. 04 Jun 2007.<http://www.rarediseases.org/search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=VACTERL%20Association>.

"VACTERL or VATER Association." Heart-Related Syndromes. Sep 2006. Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. 04 Jun 2007. <http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/heart-encyclopedia/disease/syndrome/vacterl.htm>.

"What is VATER/VACTERL?." TEF/VATER International. 2000. TEF/VATER International. 04 Jun 2007. <http://www.tefvater.org/html/vater.html>.